China in Cameroon: Neo-colonialism or Partnership?

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Since establishing diplomatic relations in 1971, China’s growing economic engagement with Cameroon has sparked significant debate over whether this relationship constitutes neo-colonialism or represents a genuine development partnership. This study critically analyzes China’s involvement in Cameroon, focusing on key areas such as infrastructure investment, trade dynamics, soft power initiatives, and governance impacts. A systematic literature review was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines, with data extracted from electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, JSTOR, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Keywords such as “China AND Cameroon,” “Belt and Road Initiative,” and “Exim Bank Cameroon” were used to identify peer-reviewed articles and working papers. The analysis finds that Chinese investments in infrastructure and energy have positively impacted Cameroon’s economic growth and regional connectivity, particularly through projects like hydroelectric dams and ports. However, these benefits are accompanied by trade imbalances, where Cameroon remains a supplier of raw commodities, while imports of low-cost manufactured goods from China continue to undermine the development of local industries. Soft power initiatives such as the Confucius Institute and cultural exchanges have helped strengthen educational ties but have also raised concerns about labor market competition and cultural assimilation. Despite the developmental gains, the study argues that China’s engagement in Cameroon aligns more closely with neo-colonialism than a true partnership. While infrastructure and cultural exchanges have contributed to short-term growth, the debt-driven investments and the limited substantial technology transfer perpetuate Cameroon’s economic dependence on China. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for Cameroon to diversify its economic base, renegotiate investment terms, and strengthen local governance to reduce dependency and ensure sustainable development.